Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5

Apache > HTTP Server > Documentation > Version 2.5 > Rewrite

# Redirecting and Remapping with mod_rewrite

This document supplements the `mod_rewrite` reference documentation. It describes how you can use `mod_rewrite` to redirect and remap request. This includes many examples of common uses of `mod_rewrite`, including detailed descriptions of how each works.

Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your configuration.

### See also

- Module documentation
- mod_rewrite introduction
- Controlling access
- Virtual hosts
- Proxying
- Using RewriteMap
- Advanced techniques
- When not to use mod_rewrite

## From Old to New (internal) ¶

Description:

  Assume we have recently renamed the page `foo.html` to `bar.html` and now want to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. However, we want that users of the old URL even not recognize that the pages was renamed - that is, we don't want the address to change in their browser.

Solution:

  We rewrite the old URL to the new one internally via the following rule:

      RewriteEngine  on
      RewriteRule    "^/foo\.html$"  "/bar.html" [PT]

## Rewriting From Old to New (external) ¶

Description:

  Assume again that we have recently renamed the page `foo.html` to `bar.html` and now want to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. But this time we want that the users of the old URL get hinted to the new one, i.e. their browsers Location field should change, too.

Solution:

  We force a HTTP redirect to the new URL which leads to a change of the browsers and thus the users view:

      RewriteEngine  on
      RewriteRule    "^/foo\.html$"  "bar.html"  [R]

Discussion

  In this example, as contrasted to the internal example above, we can simply use the Redirect directive. `mod_rewrite` was used in that earlier example in order to hide the redirect from the client:

      Redirect "/foo.html" "/bar.html"

## Resource Moved to Another Server ¶

Description:

  If a resource has moved to another server, you may wish to have URLs continue to work for a time on the old server while people update their bookmarks.

Solution:

  You can use `mod_rewrite` to redirect these URLs to the new server, but you might also consider using the Redirect or RedirectMatch directive.

      #With mod_rewrite
      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteRule   "^/docs/(.+)"  "http://new.example.com/docs/$1"  [R,L]

      #With RedirectMatch
      RedirectMatch "^/docs/(.*)" "http://new.example.com/docs/$1"

      #With Redirect
      Redirect "/docs/" "http://new.example.com/docs/"

## From Static to Dynamic ¶

Description:

  How can we transform a static page `foo.html` into a dynamic variant `foo.cgi` in a seamless way, i.e. without notice by the browser/user.

Solution:

  We just rewrite the URL to the CGI-script and force the handler to be cgi-script so that it is executed as a CGI program. This way a request to `/~quux/foo.html` internally leads to the invocation of `/~quux/foo.cgi`.

      RewriteEngine  on
      RewriteBase    "/~quux/"
      RewriteRule    "^foo\.html$"  "foo.cgi"  [H=cgi-script]

## Backward Compatibility for file extension change ¶

Description:

  How can we make URLs backward compatible (still existing virtually) after migrating `document.YYYY` to `document.XXXX`, e.g. after translating a bunch of `.html` files to `.php`?

Solution:

  The URL is rewritten from the old extension to the new one only if the target file with the new extension exists and the original file with the old extension does not. Otherwise, the URL is left unchanged.

      #   backward compatibility ruleset for
      #   rewriting document.html to document.php
      #   when and only when document.php exists
      <Directory "/var/www/htdocs">
          RewriteEngine on
          RewriteBase   "/var/www/htdocs"

          RewriteCond   "$1.php"           -f
          RewriteCond   "$1.html"          !-f
          RewriteRule   "^(.*).html$"      "$1.php"
      </Directory>

Discussion

  This example uses an often-overlooked feature of `mod_rewrite`, by taking advantage of the order of execution of the ruleset. In particular, `mod_rewrite` evaluates the left-hand-side of the RewriteRule before it evaluates the RewriteCond directives. Consequently, $1 is already defined by the time the RewriteCond directives are evaluated. This allows us to test for the existence of the original (`document.html`) and target (`document.php`) files using the same base filename.

  This ruleset is designed to use in a per-directory context (In a <Directory> block or in a .htaccess file), so that the `-f` checks are looking at the correct directory path. You may need to set a `RewriteBase` directive to specify the directory base that you're working in.

## Canonical Hostnames ¶

Description:
  The goal of this rule is to force the use of a particular hostname, in preference to other hostnames which may be used to reach the same site. For example, if you wish to force the use of www.example.com instead of example.com, you might use a variant of the following recipe.
Solution:

  The very best way to solve this doesn't involve `mod_rewrite` at all, but rather uses the `Redirect` directive placed in a virtual host for the non-canonical hostname(s).

      <VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerName undesired.example.com
        ServerAlias example.com notthis.example.com

        Redirect "/" "http://www.example.com/"
      </VirtualHost>

      <VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerName www.example.com
      </VirtualHost>

  You can alternatively accomplish this using the `<If>` directive: (2.4 and later)

      <If "%{HTTP_HOST} != 'www.example.com'">
          Redirect "/" "http://www.example.com/"
      </If>

  Or, for example, to redirect a portion of your site to HTTPS, you might do the following:

      <If "%{SERVER_PROTOCOL} != 'HTTPS'">
          Redirect "/admin/" "https://www.example.com/admin/"
      </If>

  If, for whatever reason, you still want to use `mod_rewrite` - if, for example, you need this to work with a larger set of RewriteRules - you might use one of the recipes below.

  For sites running on a port other than 80:

      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}"   "!^www\.example\.com" [NC]
      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}"   "!^$"
      RewriteCond "%{SERVER_PORT}" "!^80$"
      RewriteRule "^/?(.*)"        "http://www.example.com:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1" [L,R,NE]

  And for a site running on port 80

      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}"   "!^www\.example\.com"       [NC]
      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}"   "!^$"
      RewriteRule "^/?(.*)"        "http://www.example.com/$1" [L,R,NE]

  If you wanted to do this generically for all domain names - that is, if you want to redirect example.com to www.example.com for all possible values of example.com, you could use the following recipe:

      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^www\."                    [NC]
      RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^$"
      RewriteRule "^/?(.*)"      "http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1" [L,R,NE]

  These rulesets will work either in your main server configuration file, or in a `.htaccess` file placed in the `DocumentRoot` of the server.

## Search for pages in more than one directory ¶

Description:

  A particular resource might exist in one of several places, and we want to look in those places for the resource when it is requested. Perhaps we've recently rearranged our directory structure, dividing content into several locations.

Solution:

  The following ruleset searches in two directories to find the resource, and, if not finding it in either place, will attempt to just serve it out of the location requested.

      RewriteEngine on

      #   first try to find it in dir1/...
      #   ...and if found stop and be happy:
      RewriteCond         "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/dir1/%{REQUEST_URI}"  -f
      RewriteRule "^(.+)" "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/dir1/$1"  [L]

      #   second try to find it in dir2/...
      #   ...and if found stop and be happy:
      RewriteCond         "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/dir2/%{REQUEST_URI}"  -f
      RewriteRule "^(.+)" "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/dir2/$1"  [L]

      #   else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,
      #   etc.
      RewriteRule "^"     "-"                                          [PT]

## Redirecting to Geographically Distributed Servers ¶

Description:

  We have numerous mirrors of our website, and want to redirect people to the one that is located in the country where they are located.

Solution:

  Looking at the hostname of the requesting client, we determine which country they are coming from. If we can't do a lookup on their IP address, we fall back to a default server.

  We'll use a `RewriteMap` directive to build a list of servers that we wish to use.

      HostnameLookups on
      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteMap    multiplex         "txt:/path/to/map.mirrors"
      RewriteCond  "%{REMOTE_HOST}"   "([a-z]+)$"                [NC]
      RewriteRule  "^/(.*)$"          "${multiplex:%1|http://www.example.com/}$1"  [R,L]

  `## map.mirrors -- Multiplexing Map
  de http://www.example.de/
  uk http://www.example.uk/
  com http://www.example.com/
  ##EOF##`

Discussion
  This ruleset relies on `HostNameLookups` being set `on`, which can be a significant performance hit.

  The `RewriteCond` directive captures the last portion of the hostname of the requesting client - the country code - and the following RewriteRule uses that value to look up the appropriate mirror host in the map file.

## Canonical URLs ¶

Description:

  On some webservers there is more than one URL for a resource. Usually there are canonical URLs (which are be actually used and distributed) and those which are just shortcuts, internal ones, and so on. Independent of which URL the user supplied with the request, they should finally see the canonical one in their browser address bar.

Solution:

  We do an external HTTP redirect for all non-canonical URLs to fix them in the location view of the Browser and for all subsequent requests. In the example ruleset below we replace `/puppies` and `/canines` by the canonical `/dogs`.

      RewriteRule   "^/(puppies|canines)/(.*)"    "/dogs/$2"  [R]

Discussion:
  This should really be accomplished with Redirect or RedirectMatch directives:

      RedirectMatch "^/(puppies|canines)/(.*)" "/dogs/$2"

## Moved `DocumentRoot` ¶

Description:

  Usually the `DocumentRoot` of the webserver directly relates to the URL "`/`". But often this data is not really of top-level priority. For example, you may wish for visitors, on first entering a site, to go to a particular subdirectory `/about/`. This may be accomplished using the following ruleset:

Solution:

  We redirect the URL `/` to `/about/`:

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteRule   "^/$"  "/about/"  [R]

  Note that this can also be handled using the `RedirectMatch` directive:

      RedirectMatch "^/$" "http://example.com/about/"

  Note also that the example rewrites only the root URL. That is, it rewrites a request for `http://example.com/`, but not a request for `http://example.com/page.html`. If you have in fact changed your document root - that is, if all of your content is in fact in that subdirectory, it is greatly preferable to simply change your `DocumentRoot` directive, or move all of the content up one directory, rather than rewriting URLs.

## Fallback Resource ¶

Description:
  You want a single resource (say, a certain file, like index.php) to handle all requests that come to a particular directory, except those that should go to an existing resource such as an image, or a css file.
Solution:

  As of version 2.2.16, you should use the `FallbackResource` directive for this:

      <Directory "/var/www/my_blog">
        FallbackResource index.php
      </Directory>

  However, in earlier versions of Apache, or if your needs are more complicated than this, you can use a variation of the following rewrite set to accomplish the same thing:

      <Directory "/var/www/my_blog">
        RewriteBase "/my_blog"

        RewriteCond "/var/www/my_blog/%{REQUEST_FILENAME}" !-f
        RewriteCond "/var/www/my_blog/%{REQUEST_FILENAME}" !-d
        RewriteRule "^"                                    "index.php" [PT]
      </Directory>

  If, on the other hand, you wish to pass the requested URI as a query string argument to index.php, you can replace that RewriteRule with:

      RewriteRule "(.*)" "index.php?$1" [PT,QSA]

  Note that these rulesets can be used in a `.htaccess` file, as well as in a <Directory> block.

## Rewrite query string ¶

Description:
  You want to capture a particular value from a query string and either replace it or incorporate it into another component of the URL.
Solutions:

  Many of the solutions in this section will all use the same condition, which leaves the matched value in the %2 backreference. %1 is the beginining of the query string (up to the key of intererest), and %3 is the remainder. This condition is a bit complex for flexibility and to avoid double '&&' in the substitutions.

  - This solution removes the matching key and value:

        # Remove mykey=???
        RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&))mykey=([^&]*)&?(.*)&?$"
        RewriteRule "(.*)"            "$1?%1%3"

  - This solution uses the captured value in the URL substitution, discarding the rest of the original query by appending a '?':

        # Copy from query string to PATH_INFO
        RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&))mykey=([^&]*)&?(.*)&?$"
        RewriteRule "(.*)"            "$1/products/%2/?" [PT]

  - This solution checks the captured value in a subsequent condition:

        # Capture the value of mykey in the query string
        RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&))mykey=([^&]*)&?(.*)&?$"
        RewriteCond "%2"              !=not-so-secret-value
        RewriteRule "(.*)"            "-" [F]

  - This solution shows the reverse of the previous ones, copying path components (perhaps PATH_INFO) from the URL into the query string.

        # The desired URL might be /products/kitchen-sink, and the script expects
        # /path?products=kitchen-sink.
        RewriteRule "^/?path/([^/]+)/([^/]+)" "/path?$1=$2" [PT]