Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4

Apache > HTTP Server > Documentation > Version 2.4 > Rewrite

# Advanced Techniques with mod_rewrite

This document supplements the `mod_rewrite` reference documentation. It provides a few advanced techniques using `mod_rewrite`.

Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your configuration.

### See also

- Module documentation
- mod_rewrite introduction
- Redirection and remapping
- Controlling access
- Virtual hosts
- Proxying
- Using RewriteMap
- When not to use mod_rewrite

## URL-based sharding across multiple backends

Description:

  A common technique for distributing the burden of server load or storage space is called "sharding". When using this method, a front-end server will use the url to consistently "shard" users or objects to separate backend servers.

Solution:

  A mapping is maintained, from users to target servers, in external map files. They look like:

  `user1 physical_host_of_user1
  user2 physical_host_of_user2
  # ... and so on`

  We put this into a `map.users-to-hosts` file. The aim is to map;

  `/u/user1/anypath`

  to

  `http://physical_host_of_user1/u/user/anypath`

  thus every URL path need not be valid on every backend physical host. The following ruleset does this for us with the help of the map files assuming that server0 is a default server which will be used if a user has no entry in the map:

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteMap    users-to-hosts      "txt:/path/to/map.users-to-hosts"
      RewriteRule   "^/u/([^/]+)/?(.*)" "http://${users-to-hosts:$1|server0}/u/$1/$2"

See the `RewriteMap` documentation and the RewriteMap HowTo for more discussion of the syntax of this directive.

## On-the-fly Content-Regeneration

Description:

  We wish to dynamically generate content, but store it statically once it is generated. This rule will check for the existence of the static file, and if it's not there, generate it. The static files can be removed periodically, if desired (say, via cron) and will be regenerated on demand.

Solution:
  This is done via the following ruleset:

      # This example is valid in per-directory context only
      RewriteCond "%{REQUEST_URI}"   "!-U"
      RewriteRule "^(.+)\.html$"     "/regenerate_page.cgi"   [PT,L]

  The `-U` operator determines whether the test string (in this case, `REQUEST_URI`) is a valid URL. It does this via a subrequest. In the event that this subrequest fails - that is, the requested resource doesn't exist - this rule invokes the CGI program `/regenerate_page.cgi`, which generates the requested resource and saves it into the document directory, so that the next time it is requested, a static copy can be served.

  In this way, documents that are infrequently updated can be served in static form. if documents need to be refreshed, they can be deleted from the document directory, and they will then be regenerated the next time they are requested.

## Load Balancing

Description:

  We wish to randomly distribute load across several servers using `mod_rewrite`.

Solution:

  We'll use `RewriteMap` and a list of servers to accomplish this.

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteMap lb        "rnd:/path/to/serverlist.txt"
      RewriteRule "^/(.*)" "http://${lb:servers}/$1"     [P,L]

  `serverlist.txt` will contain a list of the servers:

  `## serverlist.txt
  servers one.example.com|two.example.com|three.example.com
  `

  If you want one particular server to get more of the load than the others, add it more times to the list.

Discussion

  Apache comes with a load-balancing module - `mod_proxy_balancer` - which is far more flexible and featureful than anything you can cobble together using `mod_rewrite`.

## Structured Userdirs

Description:

  Some sites with thousands of users use a structured homedir layout, i.e. each homedir is in a subdirectory which begins (for instance) with the first character of the username. So, `/~larry/anypath` is `/home/l/larry/public_html/anypath` while `/~waldo/anypath` is `/home/w/waldo/public_html/anypath`.

Solution:

  We use the following ruleset to expand the tilde URLs into the above layout.

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteRule   "^/~(([a-z])[a-z0-9]+)(.*)"  "/home/$2/$1/public_html$3"

## Redirecting Anchors

Description:

  By default, redirecting to an HTML anchor doesn't work, because `mod_rewrite` escapes the `#` character, turning it into `%23`. This, in turn, breaks the redirection.

Solution:

  Use the `[NE]` flag on the `RewriteRule`. NE stands for No Escape.

Discussion:
  This technique will of course also work with other special characters that `mod_rewrite`, by default, URL-encodes.

## Time-Dependent Rewriting

Description:

  We wish to use `mod_rewrite` to serve different content based on the time of day.

Solution:

  There are a lot of variables named `TIME_xxx` for rewrite conditions. In conjunction with the special lexicographic comparison patterns `<STRING`, `>STRING` and `=STRING` we can do time-dependent redirects:

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteCond   "%{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN}" ">0700"
      RewriteCond   "%{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN}" "<1900"
      RewriteRule   "^foo\.html$"             "foo.day.html" [L]
      RewriteRule   "^foo\.html$"             "foo.night.html"

  This provides the content of `foo.day.html` under the URL `foo.html` from `07:01-18:59` and at the remaining time the contents of `foo.night.html`.

  `mod_cache`, intermediate proxies and browsers may each cache responses and cause the either page to be shown outside of the time-window configured. `mod_expires` may be used to control this effect. You are, of course, much better off simply serving the content dynamically, and customizing it based on the time of day.

## Set Environment Variables Based On URL Parts

Description:

  At times, we want to maintain some kind of status when we perform a rewrite. For example, you want to make a note that you've done that rewrite, so that you can check later to see if a request came via that rewrite. One way to do this is by setting an environment variable.

Solution:

  Use the [E] flag to set an environment variable.

      RewriteEngine on
      RewriteRule   "^/horse/(.*)"   "/pony/$1" [E=rewritten:1]

  Later in your ruleset you might check for this environment variable using a RewriteCond:

      RewriteCond "%{ENV:rewritten}" "=1"

  Note that environment variables do not survive an external redirect. You might consider using the [CO] flag to set a cookie. For per-directory and htaccess rewrites, where the final substitution is processed as an internal redirect, environment variables from the previous round of rewriting are prefixed with "REDIRECT_".