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<document>
  <properties>
    <title>Torque Tutorial - Step 5 - Writing a Sample Application</title>
    <author email="pete-apache-dev@kazmier.com">Pete Kazmier</author>
    <author email="seade@backstagetech.com.au">Scott Eade</author>
    <author email="fischer@seitenbau.de">Thomas Fischer</author>
  </properties>
  <body>

<section name="Step 5: Writing a Sample Application">

<p>
Congratulations, you have finally reached the fun the
part of this tutorial.  This is where you'll discover
the power of Torque.
</p>

<p>
As mentioned earlier, when Torque created your object
model, it created eight Java classes for each table
defined in your database schema.  For example, the
<em>book</em> table, defined in the database schema
presented earlier, will result in the following classes:
<em>Book</em>, <em>BookPeer</em>, 
<em>BookPeerImpl</em>, <em>BookRecordMapper</em>,
<em>BaseBook</em>, <em>BaseBookPeer</em>, 
<em>BaseBookPeerImpl</em>, and <em>BaseBookRecordMapper</em>.
</p>

<p>
<em>Book</em>, <em>BookPeer</em>, <em>BookPeerImpl</em> and
<em>BookRecordMapper</em> are subclasses of
<em>BaseBook</em>, <em>BaseBookPeer</em>
<em>BaseBookPeerImpl</em> and <em>BaseBookRecordMapper</em>, respectively.
<em>BookPeer</em> and <em>BaseBookPeer</em> are simply static wrappers
of <em>BookPeerImpl</em> and <em>BaseBookPeerImpl</em>.
The four Base classes (<em>Base*</em>) contain Torque-generated
logic and should <b>not</b> be modified because Torque
will overwrite your changes if you happen to generate
your object model again.
Any business logic that you might want to add should be
placed in the <em>Book</em> and either <em>BookPeerImpl</em> 
or <em>BookPeer</em> classes (this is covered later in the tutorial).
</p>

<p>
You might be asking yourself, what is the difference
between the BookPeer, BookPeerImpl, BookRecordMapper and Book classes?
The BookPeer and BookPeerImpl classes provide the same functionality,
with the difference that the Peer classes provide static access to
methods for manipulating tables while the PeerImpl classes
contain the implementation of those methods. This allows
the implementation to be exchanged after compilation 
(e.g. for testing purposes).
If you do not need to exchange the implementation of the Peer classes,
you need not bother about the PeerImpl classes 
and simply use the Peer classes.
The Book class (also known as "Data Object" class), "wrap" individual rows
within the tables and provide getters/mutators for each
column defined in those tables as well as a
<em>save</em> method.
The RecordMapper classes map between JDBC Rows and the Data objects
(chances are that you never use these directly).
So the two of the eight classes you will probably be working with are the
Peer classes (wrapping the table) and Data Objects (wrapping a table row)
These have a one-to-one mapping to a table defined in your database
schema.  For a more in-depth discussion on Peers and
Data Objects, refer to the
<a href="../../orm-reference/relevant-classes.html">Runtime relevant classes documentation</a>.
An example of adding logic to both the Peer and Data
Objects is presented later in the tutorial.
</p>

<p>
Now that we've covered the basics of the object model
that Torque generated for you, the rest of this section
describes the Torque way of doing database inserts,
selects, updates, and deletes illustrated with small
segments of code.  These segments of code are part of a
sample application that is presented in full after a
brief discussion on extending the object model classes.
Finally, instructions on how to compile and run the
application are detailed.
</p>

</section>

<section name="Inserting Rows">

<p>
  Inserting rows into your tables is easy with Torque.
  Simply instantiate a new Data Object of the
  appropriate class, set its properties using the
  mutators named after the table's columns,
  then invoke the Data Object's <em>save</em> method.
  Note: It is not necessary to set the object's
  primary key ID because Torque will do this for you
  automatically unless you've specified otherwise (see
  the Database Schema Configuration section above).
</p>

<p>
  For example, to insert a new row in the
  <em>author</em> table (as defined in this tutorial's
  database schema): instantiate a new <em>Author</em>
  object, invoke the object's <em>setFirstName</em>
  and <em>setLastName</em> methods with appropriate
  values, then call the <em>save</em> method.  That's
  it.  The following is from the sample application:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
Publisher addison = new Publisher();
addison.setName("Addison Wesley Professional");
addison.save();

Author bloch = new Author();
bloch.setFirstName("Joshua");
bloch.setLastName("Bloch");
bloch.save();
]]></source>

<p>
  Inserting a row in a table that contains a foreign
  key is also simple.  As a convenience, Torque creates
  a mutator for the specific Data Object class
  that represents the foreign-key in the object model.
  The name of this method is <em>setTable</em> where
  <em>Table</em> is the name of the foreign-key's
  table (as defined in the database schema).  Upon
  calling this method with a reference to the
  appropriate Data Object, Torque will automatically
  extract and insert the foreign-key for you.
</p>

<p>
  For example, the <em>book</em> table (as defined in
  the database schema) contains two foreign-keys:
  <em>author_id</em> and <em>publisher_id</em>.  To
  insert a row in this table, follow the same
  procedure as above, but instead of explicitly
  setting the foreign-keys (via <em>setAuthorId</em>
  and <em>setPublisherId</em>), use <em>setAuthor</em>
  and <em>setPublisher</em> and pass references to an
  <em>Author</em> and <em>Publisher</em> Data Object.
  Both methods are illustrated in the following code
  which builds upon the earlier objects that were
  created:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
/*
 * Using the convenience methods to handle
 * the foreign keys.
 */
Book effective = new Book();
effective.setTitle("Effective Java");
effective.setISBN("0-618-12902-2");
effective.setPublisher(addison);
effective.setAuthor(bloch);
effective.save();

/*
 * Inserting the foreign-keys manually.
 */
Book tcpip = new Book();
tcpip.setTitle("TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1");
tcpip.setISBN("0-201-63346-9");
tcpip.setPublisherId(addison.getPublisherId());
tcpip.setAuthorId(stevens.getAuthorId());
tcpip.save();
]]></source>

<p>
  As you can see, inserting rows into your database is
  very easy to do with your Torque object model.
</p>

</section>

<section name="Selecting Rows">

<p>
  Selecting rows from your database is just as easy as
  inserting rows.  The Peer class associated with a
  table defines a static method called
  <em>doSelect</em> which is used to pull data out of
  the table.  The argument to <em>doSelect</em> is a
  <em>Criteria</em> object.  It is this object that
  specifies the criteria to be used when selecting
  data from the database.  As a result of the query,
  <em>doSelect</em> returns a <code>List</code> of Data Objects
  representing the rows of data selected.
</p>

<p>
  For example, to select all of the rows from the
  <em>book</em> table that were inserted in the
  previous section, you must first create a
  <em>Criteria</em> object.  Because we want to select
  everything from the table, no criteria will be
  specified (i.e. no WHERE clause in the underlying
  SELECT statement).  To perform the query, the empty
  <em>Criteria</em> object is passed to
  <em>BookPeer.doSelect</em>, as illustrated below:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
Criteria crit = new Criteria();
List<Book> books = BookPeer.doSelect(crit);
]]></source>

<p>
  The results are stored in a <code>List</code> which can then be
  iterated over to access the individual <em>Book</em>
  objects retrieved from the table.  The following
  code prints the <em>Book</em> to standard output (a
  better approach is presented later):
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
for (Book book : books)
{
    System.out.println("Title: " + book.getTitle() + "\n");
    System.out.println("ISBN:  " + book.getISBN() + "\n");
    System.out.println("Publisher: " +
            book.getPublisher().getName() + "\n");
    System.out.println("Author: " +
            book.getAuthor().getLastName() + ", " +
            book.getAuthor().getFirstName() + "\n");
}
]]></source>

<p>
  In the above example, you may have noticed that by
  calling <em>getAuthor</em> and
  <em>getPublisher</em>, the object model
  automatically retrieved the <em>Author</em> and
  <em>Publisher</em> Data Objects for you.  This
  results in an additional behind-the-scenes SQL query
  for each table.  Although <em>getAuthor</em> is
  called twice, only a single SQL query occurs because
  all of the <em>Author</em> columns are selected in
  behind-the-scenes query.
</p>

<table>
  <tr> <th>The Gory Details (not for the faint)</th></tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
      Even still, this is not the most efficient
      method to query and populate Data Objects
      for an entire table with foreign-keys (one
      query for the table, then two additional
      queries for each row).  Two single queries 
      for selecting all associated authors respectively
      publishers would be much more efficient.
      As a convenience, Torque can generate filler methods
      which do exactly this: pass in a list of books
      retrieve all associated books resp. publishers
      and fill the cached authors resp. publishers in the book objects.
      For generating these methods, you need to set
      the switch <em>torque.om.complexObjectModel.generateFillers</em>
      to <em>true</em> when generating the classes.
      <br/>
      As an alternative, for selects using joins,
      there are the <em>doSelectJoin${table}</em> methods
      in the BasePeer classes whose tables contain foreign-keys,
      where <em>${table}</em> is the name of the
      foreign-key table.  This method efficiently
      queries the database (using a single join
      query) and automatically populates all of
      the Data Objects.  This eliminates the
      additional query that is issued when
      retrieving the foreign-key Data Object.  For
      example, <em>doSelectJoinAuthor</em> and
      <em>doSelectJoinPublisher</em> were
      generated in the <em>BaseBookPeer</em> class
      that <em>BookPeer</em> extends. 
      Torque does not generate a
      <em>doSelectJoinAll</em> or
      <em>doSelectJoinAuthorPublisher</em> method,
      because these methods would be inefficient for a large number
      of associated objects
      (n authors and m publishers per book would result in n*m rows
      per book, where n+m rows should suffice. Imagine n=100 and m=100...)
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p>
  To select a specific <em>Book</em> from the table,
  create a <em>Criteria</em> object (or just reuse the
  previous one) and use the <em>where</em> methods to specify
  a condition.
  Specifying a condition is
  simply a matter of choosing a column (defined as
  static constants in your Peer class) and some value
  you want to match.  Thus, selecting a book with the
  following ISBN, <em>0-618-12902-2</em>, is as
  simple as:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
Criteria crit = new Criteria();
crit.where(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-618-12902-2");
List<Book> books = BookPeer.doSelect(crit);
]]></source>

<p>
  This section has only skimmed the surface of
  <em>Criteria</em> objects.  <em>Criteria</em> can be
  used to specify very simple to very complex queries.
  For a much more in-depth discussion of
  <em>Criteria</em>, please refer to the
  <a href="../../orm-reference/read-from-db.html">Reading
  from the Database Reference</a>.
</p>

</section>

<section name="Updating Rows">

<p>
  Updating a row in a table is only a matter of
  changing one or more properties of the Data Object
  that represents the row by invoking one or more
  mutators and then calling its <em>save</em> method.
  When a mutator is called, the Data Object sets an
  internal flag to indicate that its been modified.
  This flag is checked when <em>save</em> is invoked
  to determine if the Peer's <em>doInsert</em> or
  <em>doUpdate</em> is called to perform the database
  operation.
</p>

<p>
  For example, changing the author of the
  <em>Effective Java</em> book created earlier is
  as simple as:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
effective.setAuthor(stevens);
effective.save();
]]></source>

</section>

<section name="Deleting Rows">

<p>
  Deleting rows from a table is easy as well.  The
  Peer class defines a static method <em>doDelete</em>
  which can be used for this purpose.  Similar to the
  other Peer methods, <em>doDelete</em> may be passed
  a <em>Criteria</em> object or a Data Object to
  specify which row or rows to delete.  It should be
  noted that there is no corresponding method in the
  Data Object to delete a row.
</p>

<p>
  For example, the following code deletes all of the
  rows from the three tables that were inserted during
  the course of this tutorial using both forms of
  <em>doDelete</em>.  First, the books are deleted by
  specifying <em>Criteria</em>, then the authors and
  publishers are deleted by passing the Data Objects
  directly to <em>doDelete</em>.
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
crit = new Criteria();
crit.add(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-618-12902-2");
BookPeer.doDelete(crit);

crit = new Criteria();
crit.add(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-201-63346-9");
crit.add(BookPeer.TITLE, "TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1");
BookPeer.doDelete(crit);

AuthorPeer.doDelete(bloch);
AuthorPeer.doDelete(stevens);
PublisherPeer.doDelete(addison);
]]></source>

<p>
  Note: Deleting a row from a table that contains
  foreign-keys does not automatically delete the
  foreign-keys from their tables.  If you want to
  delete the foreign-keys, you must do so explicitly
  as shown in the above example.  I.e.,  deleting the
  books from the <em>book</em> table does not
  automatically delete the corresponding rows in the
  <em>author</em> and <em>publisher</em> tables.

</p>
</section>

<section name="Adding Functionality to the Object Model">

<p>
  This section will provide examples of adding
  functionality to both the Peer and Data Object
  classes.  As you may recall, Torque generated eight
  classes for each table defined in the database
  schema.  Four of these classes (the Base classes)
  contain Torque-generated logic
  while the other ones are empty subclasses that you
  can use to include business logic.  By now, you
  should have a decent understanding of the type of
  logic that might be added to these classes.  Keep in
  mind, Torque will overwrite any changes that are
  inadvertently added to the Base classes if you
  regenerate your object model; however, it will not
  overwrite changes in the non-Base classes.
</p>

<p>
  The first change that we'll make to our object model
  is to provide our Data Objects with adequate
  <em>toString</em> methods.  Theses methods can then
  be used to print the Data Objects without adding
  unnecessary code to the core of the application.
  The following are the modified <em>Book</em>,
  <em>Author</em>, and <em>Publisher</em> classes
  (located under the 
  src/main/generated-java/org/apache/torque/tutorial/om
  directory):
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
// Book.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

import org.apache.torque.TorqueException;

public class Book extends BaseBook
{
    public String toString()
    {
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        try
        {
            sb.append("Title:     " + getTitle() + "\n");
            sb.append("ISBN:      " + getISBN() + "\n");
            sb.append("Publisher: " + getPublisher() + "\n");
            sb.append("Author:    " + getAuthor() + "\n");
        }
        catch (TorqueException ignored)
        {
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }
}

// Author.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

public class Author extends BaseAuthor
{
    public String toString()
    {
        return getLastName() + ", " + getFirstName();
    }
}

// Publisher.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

public class Publisher extends BasePublisher
{
    public String toString()
    {
      return getName();
    }
}
]]></source>

<p>
  The next change that we'll make is to the Peer
  classes.  For convenience (and based on the
  suggestion in the
  <a href="../../orm-reference/read-from-db.html">Reading
  from the Database Reference</a>) we'll add <em>doSelectAll</em>
  methods which will return a List of all the Data
  Objects in a table.  The following are the modified
  <em>BookPeer</em>, <em>AuthorPeer</em>, and
  <em>PublisherPeer</em> classes which are located in
  the same directory as the Data Objects:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
// BookPeer.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

import java.util.List;
import org.apache.torque.TorqueException;
import org.apache.torque.criteria.Criteria;

public class BookPeer extends BaseBookPeer
{
    public static List<Book> doSelectAll() throws TorqueException
    {
        Criteria crit = new Criteria();
        return doSelect(crit);
    }
}

// AuthorPeer.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

import java.util.List;
import org.apache.torque.TorqueException;
import org.apache.torque.criteria.Criteria;

public class AuthorPeer extends BaseAuthorPeer
{
    public static List<Author> doSelectAll() throws TorqueException
    {
        Criteria crit = new Criteria();
        return doSelect(crit);
    }
}

// PublisherPeer.java
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

import java.util.List;
import org.apache.torque.TorqueException;
import org.apache.torque.criteria.Criteria;

public class PublisherPeer extends BasePublisherPeer
{
    public static List<Publisher> doSelectAll() throws TorqueException
    {
        Criteria crit = new Criteria();
        return doSelect(crit);
    }
}
]]></source>

<p>
  In order to execute the full application presented
  at the end of this tutorial, you must make the above
  changes to your object model.  After you have made
  the changes, proceed to the next section.
</p>

</section>

<section name="Full Application">

<p>
  The following is the sample bookstore application in
  its entirety.  It should look very familiar if
  you've been following this tutorial.  In fact, its
  almost identical with the exception that it utilizes
  the new functionality that was added to the object
  model in the previous section.  Note in particular the all-important
  initialization of Torque using the <code>torque.properties</code>
  file we created earlier.
</p>
<p>
  Create a file src/main/java/org/apache/torque/tutorial/om/Bookstore.java
  with the following content
</p>

<source><![CDATA[
package org.apache.torque.tutorial.om;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.commons.configuration.PropertiesConfiguration;
import org.apache.log4j.BasicConfigurator;
import org.apache.log4j.Level;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.apache.torque.Torque;
import org.apache.torque.criteria.Criteria;

public class Bookstore
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        try
        {
            // Initializing Logging
            BasicConfigurator.configure();
            Logger.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.WARN);

            // Initializing Torque
            InputStream torqueConfigStream 
                    = Bookstore.class.getResourceAsStream("/torque.properties");
            PropertiesConfiguration torqueConfiguration 
                    = new PropertiesConfiguration();
            torqueConfiguration.load(torqueConfigStream);
            Torque.init(torqueConfiguration);

            /*
             * Creating new objects. These will be inserted into your database
             * automatically when the save method is called.
             */
            Publisher addison = new Publisher();
            addison.setName("Addison Wesley Professional");
            addison.save();

            Author bloch = new Author();
            bloch.setFirstName("Joshua");
            bloch.setLastName("Bloch");
            bloch.save();

            /*
             * An alternative method to inserting rows in your database.
             */
            Author stevens = new Author();
            stevens.setFirstName("W.");
            stevens.setLastName("Stevens");
            AuthorPeer.doInsert(stevens);

            /*
             * Using the convenience methods to handle the foreign keys.
             */
            Book effective = new Book();
            effective.setTitle("Effective Java");
            effective.setISBN("0-618-12902-2");
            effective.setPublisher(addison);
            effective.setAuthor(bloch);
            effective.save();

            /*
             * Inserting the foreign-keys manually.
             */
            Book tcpip = new Book();
            tcpip.setTitle("TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1");
            tcpip.setISBN("0-201-63346-9");
            tcpip.setPublisherId(addison.getPublisherId());
            tcpip.setAuthorId(stevens.getAuthorId());
            tcpip.save();

            /*
             * Selecting all books from the database and printing the results to
             * stdout using our helper method defined in BookPeer (doSelectAll).
             */
            System.out.println("Full booklist:\n");
            List<Book> booklist = BookPeer.doSelectAll();
            printBooklist(booklist);

            /*
             * Selecting specific objects. Just search for objects that match
             * this criteria (and print to stdout).
             */
            System.out.println("Booklist (specific ISBN):\n");
            Criteria crit = new Criteria();
            crit.where(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-201-63346-9");
            booklist = BookPeer.doSelect(crit);
            printBooklist(booklist);

            /*
             * Updating data. These lines will swap the authors of the two
             * books. The booklist is printed to stdout to verify the results.
             */
            effective.setAuthor(stevens);
            effective.save();

            tcpip.setAuthor(bloch);
            BookPeer.doUpdate(tcpip);

            System.out.println("Booklist (authors swapped):\n");
            booklist = BookPeer.doSelectAll();
            printBooklist(booklist);

            /*
             * Deleting data. These lines will delete the data that matches the
             * specified criteria.
             */
            crit = new Criteria();
            crit.where(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-618-12902-2");
            BookPeer.doDelete(crit);

            crit = new Criteria();
            crit.where(BookPeer.ISBN, "0-201-63346-9");
            crit.and(BookPeer.TITLE, "TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1");
            BookPeer.doDelete(crit);

            /*
             * Deleting data by passing Data Objects instead of specifying
             * criteria.
             */
            AuthorPeer.doDelete(bloch);
            AuthorPeer.doDelete(stevens);
            PublisherPeer.doDelete(addison);

            System.out.println("Booklist (should be empty):\n");
            booklist = BookPeer.doSelectAll();
            printBooklist(booklist);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /*
     * Helper method to print a booklist to standard out.
     */
    private static void printBooklist(List<Book> booklist)
    {
        for (Book book : booklist)
        {
            System.out.println(book);
        }
    }
}
  ]]></source>

</section>

<section name="Where to next">

<p>
  Now you have finished writing your sample application.
  The next step shows you how to compile and run the sample
  application.
</p>
<p>
  Next we will look at Compiling and Running the Sample Application.
  Maven users please look <a href="step6-maven.html">here</a>, and ant users
  please look <a href="step6-ant.html">here</a>
</p>

</section>

<section name="User Comments">
  <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/DBTORQUE/TutorialUserCommentsStep5">User comments</a>
  for this step
</section>

  </body>
</document>
