/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.beam.sdk.io.iceberg;

import static org.apache.beam.sdk.util.Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull;
import static org.apache.beam.sdk.util.Preconditions.checkStateNotNull;
import static org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.Schema;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.logicaltypes.FixedPrecisionNumeric;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.logicaltypes.MicrosInstant;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.logicaltypes.PassThroughLogicalType;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.logicaltypes.SqlTypes;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.Preconditions;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.Row;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import org.apache.iceberg.data.GenericRecord;
import org.apache.iceberg.data.Record;
import org.apache.iceberg.types.Type;
import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
import org.apache.iceberg.util.DateTimeUtil;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.NonNull;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;
import org.joda.time.DateTime;
import org.joda.time.Instant;

/** Utilities for converting between Beam and Iceberg types, made public for user's convenience. */
public class IcebergUtils {
  private IcebergUtils() {}

  private static final Map<Schema.TypeName, Type> BEAM_TYPES_TO_ICEBERG_TYPES =
      ImmutableMap.<Schema.TypeName, Type>builder()
          .put(Schema.TypeName.BOOLEAN, Types.BooleanType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.INT32, Types.IntegerType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.INT64, Types.LongType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.FLOAT, Types.FloatType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.DOUBLE, Types.DoubleType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.STRING, Types.StringType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.BYTES, Types.BinaryType.get())
          .put(Schema.TypeName.DATETIME, Types.TimestampType.withZone())
          .build();

  private static final Map<String, Type> BEAM_LOGICAL_TYPES_TO_ICEBERG_TYPES =
      ImmutableMap.<String, Type>builder()
          .put(SqlTypes.DATE.getIdentifier(), Types.DateType.get())
          .put(SqlTypes.TIME.getIdentifier(), Types.TimeType.get())
          .put(SqlTypes.DATETIME.getIdentifier(), Types.TimestampType.withoutZone())
          .put(SqlTypes.UUID.getIdentifier(), Types.UUIDType.get())
          .put(MicrosInstant.IDENTIFIER, Types.TimestampType.withZone())
          .build();

  private static Schema.FieldType icebergTypeToBeamFieldType(final Type type) {
    switch (type.typeId()) {
      case BOOLEAN:
        return Schema.FieldType.BOOLEAN;
      case INTEGER:
        return Schema.FieldType.INT32;
      case LONG:
        return Schema.FieldType.INT64;
      case FLOAT:
        return Schema.FieldType.FLOAT;
      case DOUBLE:
        return Schema.FieldType.DOUBLE;
      case DATE:
        return Schema.FieldType.logicalType(SqlTypes.DATE);
      case TIME:
        return Schema.FieldType.logicalType(SqlTypes.TIME);
      case TIMESTAMP:
        Types.TimestampType ts = (Types.TimestampType) type.asPrimitiveType();
        if (ts.shouldAdjustToUTC()) {
          return Schema.FieldType.DATETIME;
        }
        return Schema.FieldType.logicalType(SqlTypes.DATETIME);
      case STRING:
        return Schema.FieldType.STRING;
      case UUID:
      case BINARY:
        return Schema.FieldType.BYTES;
      case FIXED:
      case DECIMAL:
        return Schema.FieldType.DECIMAL;
      case STRUCT:
        return Schema.FieldType.row(icebergStructTypeToBeamSchema(type.asStructType()));
      case LIST:
        return Schema.FieldType.array(icebergTypeToBeamFieldType(type.asListType().elementType()));
      case MAP:
        return Schema.FieldType.map(
            icebergTypeToBeamFieldType(type.asMapType().keyType()),
            icebergTypeToBeamFieldType(type.asMapType().valueType()));
      default:
        throw new RuntimeException("Unrecognized Iceberg Type: " + type.typeId());
    }
  }

  private static Schema.Field icebergFieldToBeamField(final Types.NestedField field) {
    return Schema.Field.of(field.name(), icebergTypeToBeamFieldType(field.type()))
        .withNullable(field.isOptional());
  }

  /** Converts an Iceberg {@link org.apache.iceberg.Schema} to a Beam {@link Schema}. */
  public static Schema icebergSchemaToBeamSchema(final org.apache.iceberg.Schema schema) {
    Schema.Builder builder = Schema.builder();
    for (Types.NestedField f : schema.columns()) {
      builder.addField(icebergFieldToBeamField(f));
    }
    return builder.build();
  }

  private static Schema icebergStructTypeToBeamSchema(final Types.StructType struct) {
    Schema.Builder builder = Schema.builder();
    for (Types.NestedField f : struct.fields()) {
      builder.addField(icebergFieldToBeamField(f));
    }
    return builder.build();
  }

  /**
   * Represents a {@link Type} and the most recent field ID used to build it.
   *
   * <p>Iceberg Schema fields are required to have unique IDs. This includes unique IDs for a {@link
   * org.apache.iceberg.types.Type.NestedType}'s components (e.g. {@link Types.ListType}'s
   * collection type, {@link Types.MapType}'s key type and value type, and {@link
   * Types.StructType}'s nested fields). The {@code maxId} in this object represents the most recent
   * ID used after building this type. This helps signal that the next {@link
   * org.apache.iceberg.types.Type.NestedType} we construct should have an ID greater than this one.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  static class TypeAndMaxId {
    int maxId;
    Type type;

    TypeAndMaxId(int id, Type object) {
      this.maxId = id;
      this.type = object;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Takes a Beam {@link Schema.FieldType} and an index intended as a starting point for Iceberg
   * {@link org.apache.iceberg.types.Type.NestedType}s. Returns an Iceberg {@link Type} and the
   * maximum index after building that type.
   *
   * <p>Returns this information in an {@link TypeAndMaxId} object.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  static TypeAndMaxId beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(
      Schema.FieldType beamType, int nestedFieldId) {
    if (BEAM_TYPES_TO_ICEBERG_TYPES.containsKey(beamType.getTypeName())) {
      // we don't use nested field ID for primitive types. decrement it so the caller can use it for
      // other types.
      return new TypeAndMaxId(
          --nestedFieldId, BEAM_TYPES_TO_ICEBERG_TYPES.get(beamType.getTypeName()));
    } else if (beamType.getTypeName().isLogicalType()) {
      Schema.LogicalType<?, ?> logicalType = checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getLogicalType());
      if (logicalType instanceof FixedPrecisionNumeric) {
        Row args = Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(logicalType.getArgument());
        Integer precision = Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(args.getInt32("precision"));
        Integer scale = Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(args.getInt32("scale"));
        return new TypeAndMaxId(--nestedFieldId, Types.DecimalType.of(precision, scale));
      }
      if (logicalType instanceof PassThroughLogicalType) {
        return beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(logicalType.getBaseType(), nestedFieldId);
      }
      String logicalTypeIdentifier = logicalType.getIdentifier();
      @Nullable Type type = BEAM_LOGICAL_TYPES_TO_ICEBERG_TYPES.get(logicalTypeIdentifier);
      if (type == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported Beam logical type " + logicalTypeIdentifier);
      }
      return new TypeAndMaxId(--nestedFieldId, type);
    } else if (beamType.getTypeName().isCollectionType()) { // ARRAY or ITERABLE
      Schema.FieldType beamCollectionType =
          Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getCollectionElementType());

      // nestedFieldId is reserved for the list's collection type.
      // we increment here because further nested fields should use unique ID's
      TypeAndMaxId listInfo =
          beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(beamCollectionType, nestedFieldId + 1);
      Type icebergCollectionType = listInfo.type;

      boolean elementTypeIsNullable =
          Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getCollectionElementType()).getNullable();

      Type listType =
          elementTypeIsNullable
              ? Types.ListType.ofOptional(nestedFieldId, icebergCollectionType)
              : Types.ListType.ofRequired(nestedFieldId, icebergCollectionType);

      return new TypeAndMaxId(listInfo.maxId, listType);
    } else if (beamType.getTypeName().isMapType()) { // MAP
      // key and value IDs need to be unique
      int keyId = nestedFieldId;
      int valueId = keyId + 1;

      // nested field IDs should be unique
      nestedFieldId = valueId + 1;
      Schema.FieldType beamKeyType = Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getMapKeyType());
      TypeAndMaxId keyInfo = beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(beamKeyType, nestedFieldId);
      Type icebergKeyType = keyInfo.type;

      nestedFieldId = keyInfo.maxId + 1;
      Schema.FieldType beamValueType =
          Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getMapValueType());
      TypeAndMaxId valueInfo = beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(beamValueType, nestedFieldId);
      Type icebergValueType = valueInfo.type;

      Type mapType =
          beamValueType.getNullable()
              ? Types.MapType.ofOptional(keyId, valueId, icebergKeyType, icebergValueType)
              : Types.MapType.ofRequired(keyId, valueId, icebergKeyType, icebergValueType);

      return new TypeAndMaxId(valueInfo.maxId, mapType);
    } else if (beamType.getTypeName().isCompositeType()) { // ROW
      // Nested field IDs need to be unique from the field that contains this StructType
      Schema nestedSchema = Preconditions.checkArgumentNotNull(beamType.getRowSchema());
      List<Types.NestedField> nestedFields = new ArrayList<>(nestedSchema.getFieldCount());

      int icebergFieldId = nestedFieldId;
      nestedFieldId = icebergFieldId + nestedSchema.getFieldCount();
      for (Schema.Field beamField : nestedSchema.getFields()) {
        TypeAndMaxId typeAndMaxId =
            beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(beamField.getType(), nestedFieldId);
        Types.NestedField icebergField =
            Types.NestedField.of(
                icebergFieldId++,
                beamField.getType().getNullable(),
                beamField.getName(),
                typeAndMaxId.type);

        nestedFields.add(icebergField);
        nestedFieldId = typeAndMaxId.maxId + 1;
      }

      Type structType = Types.StructType.of(nestedFields);

      return new TypeAndMaxId(nestedFieldId - 1, structType);
    }

    return new TypeAndMaxId(nestedFieldId, Types.StringType.get());
  }

  /**
   * Converts a Beam {@link Schema} to an Iceberg {@link org.apache.iceberg.Schema}.
   *
   * <p>The following unsupported Beam types will be defaulted to {@link Types.StringType}:
   * <li>{@link Schema.TypeName.DECIMAL}
   */
  public static org.apache.iceberg.Schema beamSchemaToIcebergSchema(final Schema schema) {
    List<Types.NestedField> fields = new ArrayList<>(schema.getFieldCount());
    int nestedFieldId = schema.getFieldCount() + 1;
    int icebergFieldId = 1;
    for (Schema.Field beamField : schema.getFields()) {
      TypeAndMaxId typeAndMaxId =
          beamFieldTypeToIcebergFieldType(beamField.getType(), nestedFieldId);
      Types.NestedField icebergField =
          Types.NestedField.of(
              icebergFieldId++,
              beamField.getType().getNullable(),
              beamField.getName(),
              typeAndMaxId.type);

      fields.add(icebergField);
      nestedFieldId = typeAndMaxId.maxId + 1;
    }
    return new org.apache.iceberg.Schema(fields.toArray(new Types.NestedField[fields.size()]));
  }

  /** Converts a Beam {@link Row} to an Iceberg {@link Record}. */
  public static Record beamRowToIcebergRecord(org.apache.iceberg.Schema schema, Row row) {
    if (row.getSchema().getFieldCount() != schema.columns().size()) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(
          String.format(
              "Beam Row schema and Iceberg schema have different sizes.%n\tBeam Row columns: %s%n\tIceberg schema columns: %s",
              row.getSchema().getFieldNames(),
              schema.columns().stream().map(Types.NestedField::name).collect(Collectors.toList())));
    }
    return copyRowIntoRecord(GenericRecord.create(schema), row);
  }

  private static Record copyRowIntoRecord(Record baseRecord, Row value) {
    Record rec = baseRecord.copy();
    for (Types.NestedField f : rec.struct().fields()) {
      copyFieldIntoRecord(rec, f, value);
    }
    return rec;
  }

  private static void copyFieldIntoRecord(Record rec, Types.NestedField field, Row value) {
    String name = field.name();
    switch (field.type().typeId()) {
      case BOOLEAN:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getBoolean(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case INTEGER:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getInt32(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case LONG:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getInt64(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case FLOAT:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getFloat(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case DOUBLE:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getDouble(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case DATE:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getLogicalTypeValue(name, LocalDate.class))
            .ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case TIME:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getLogicalTypeValue(name, LocalTime.class))
            .ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case TIMESTAMP:
        Object val = value.getValue(name);
        if (val == null) {
          break;
        }
        Types.TimestampType ts = (Types.TimestampType) field.type().asPrimitiveType();
        rec.setField(name, getIcebergTimestampValue(val, ts.shouldAdjustToUTC()));
        break;
      case STRING:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getString(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case UUID:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getBytes(name))
            .ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, UUID.nameUUIDFromBytes(v)));
        break;
      case FIXED:
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Fixed-precision fields are not yet supported.");
      case BINARY:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getBytes(name))
            .ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, ByteBuffer.wrap(v)));
        break;
      case DECIMAL:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getDecimal(name)).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      case STRUCT:
        Optional.ofNullable(value.getRow(name))
            .ifPresent(
                row ->
                    rec.setField(
                        name,
                        copyRowIntoRecord(GenericRecord.create(field.type().asStructType()), row)));
        break;
      case LIST:
        Iterable<@NonNull ?> icebergList = value.getIterable(name);
        Type collectionType = ((Types.ListType) field.type()).elementType();

        if (collectionType.isStructType() && icebergList != null) {
          org.apache.iceberg.Schema innerSchema = collectionType.asStructType().asSchema();
          ImmutableList.Builder<Record> builder = ImmutableList.builder();
          for (Row v : (Iterable<Row>) icebergList) {
            builder.add(beamRowToIcebergRecord(innerSchema, v));
          }
          icebergList = builder.build();
        }
        Optional.ofNullable(icebergList).ifPresent(list -> rec.setField(name, list));
        break;
      case MAP:
        Map<?, ?> icebergMap = value.getMap(name);
        Type valueType = ((Types.MapType) field.type()).valueType();
        // recurse on struct types
        if (valueType.isStructType() && icebergMap != null) {
          org.apache.iceberg.Schema innerSchema = valueType.asStructType().asSchema();

          ImmutableMap.Builder<Object, Record> newMap = ImmutableMap.builder();
          for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : icebergMap.entrySet()) {
            Row row = checkStateNotNull(((Row) entry.getValue()));
            newMap.put(checkStateNotNull(entry.getKey()), beamRowToIcebergRecord(innerSchema, row));
          }
          icebergMap = newMap.build();
        }
        Optional.ofNullable(icebergMap).ifPresent(v -> rec.setField(name, v));
        break;
      default:
        // Do nothing for unsupported types
        break;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the appropriate value for an Iceberg timestamp field
   *
   * <p>If `timestamp`, we resolve incoming values to a {@link LocalDateTime}.
   *
   * <p>If `timestamptz`, we resolve to a UTC {@link OffsetDateTime}. Iceberg already resolves all
   * incoming timestamps to UTC, so there is no harm in doing it from our side.
   *
   * <p>Valid types are:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>{@link SqlTypes.DATETIME} --> {@link LocalDateTime}
   *   <li>{@link Schema.FieldType.DATETIME} --> {@link Instant}
   *   <li>{@link Schema.FieldType.INT64} --> {@link Long}
   *   <li>{@link Schema.FieldType.STRING} --> {@link String}
   * </ul>
   */
  private static Object getIcebergTimestampValue(Object beamValue, boolean shouldAdjustToUtc) {
    // timestamptz
    if (shouldAdjustToUtc) {
      if (beamValue instanceof java.time.Instant) { // MicrosInstant
        OffsetDateTime epoch = java.time.Instant.ofEpochSecond(0).atOffset(ZoneOffset.UTC);
        java.time.Instant instant = (java.time.Instant) beamValue;
        long nanosFromEpoch =
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(instant.getEpochSecond()) + instant.getNano();
        return ChronoUnit.NANOS.addTo(epoch, nanosFromEpoch);
      } else if (beamValue instanceof LocalDateTime) { // SqlTypes.DATETIME
        return OffsetDateTime.of((LocalDateTime) beamValue, ZoneOffset.UTC);
      } else if (beamValue instanceof Instant) { // FieldType.DATETIME
        return DateTimeUtil.timestamptzFromMicros(((Instant) beamValue).getMillis() * 1000L);
      } else if (beamValue instanceof Long) { // FieldType.INT64
        return DateTimeUtil.timestamptzFromMicros((Long) beamValue);
      } else if (beamValue instanceof String) { // FieldType.STRING
        return OffsetDateTime.parse((String) beamValue).withOffsetSameInstant(ZoneOffset.UTC);
      } else {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
            "Unsupported Beam type for Iceberg timestamp with timezone: " + beamValue.getClass());
      }
    }

    // timestamp
    if (beamValue instanceof java.time.Instant) { // MicrosInstant
      java.time.Instant instant = (java.time.Instant) beamValue;
      return DateTimeUtil.timestampFromNanos(
          TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(instant.getEpochSecond()) + instant.getNano());
    } else if (beamValue instanceof LocalDateTime) { // SqlType.DATETIME
      return beamValue;
    } else if (beamValue instanceof Instant) { // FieldType.DATETIME
      return DateTimeUtil.timestampFromMicros(((Instant) beamValue).getMillis() * 1000L);
    } else if (beamValue instanceof Long) { // FieldType.INT64
      return DateTimeUtil.timestampFromMicros((Long) beamValue);
    } else if (beamValue instanceof String) { // FieldType.STRING
      return LocalDateTime.parse((String) beamValue);
    } else {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "Unsupported Beam type for Iceberg timestamp with timezone: " + beamValue.getClass());
    }
  }

  /** Converts an Iceberg {@link Record} to a Beam {@link Row}. */
  public static Row icebergRecordToBeamRow(Schema schema, Record record) {
    Row.Builder rowBuilder = Row.withSchema(schema);
    for (Schema.Field field : schema.getFields()) {
      boolean isNullable = field.getType().getNullable();
      @Nullable Object icebergValue = record.getField(field.getName());
      if (icebergValue == null) {
        if (isNullable) {
          rowBuilder.addValue(null);
          continue;
        }
        throw new RuntimeException(
            String.format("Received null value for required field '%s'.", field.getName()));
      }
      switch (field.getType().getTypeName()) {
        case BYTE:
        case INT16:
        case INT32:
        case INT64:
        case DECIMAL: // Iceberg and Beam both use BigDecimal
        case FLOAT: // Iceberg and Beam both use float
        case DOUBLE: // Iceberg and Beam both use double
        case STRING: // Iceberg and Beam both use String
        case BOOLEAN: // Iceberg and Beam both use boolean
          rowBuilder.addValue(icebergValue);
          break;
        case ARRAY:
          checkState(
              icebergValue instanceof List,
              "Expected List type for field '%s' but received %s",
              field.getName(),
              icebergValue.getClass());
          List<@NonNull ?> beamList = (List<@NonNull ?>) icebergValue;
          Schema.FieldType collectionType =
              checkStateNotNull(field.getType().getCollectionElementType());
          // recurse on struct types
          if (collectionType.getTypeName().isCompositeType()) {
            Schema innerSchema = checkStateNotNull(collectionType.getRowSchema());
            beamList =
                beamList.stream()
                    .map(v -> icebergRecordToBeamRow(innerSchema, (Record) v))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
          }
          rowBuilder.addValue(beamList);
          break;
        case ITERABLE:
          checkState(
              icebergValue instanceof Iterable,
              "Expected Iterable type for field '%s' but received %s",
              field.getName(),
              icebergValue.getClass());
          Iterable<@NonNull ?> beamIterable = (Iterable<@NonNull ?>) icebergValue;
          Schema.FieldType iterableCollectionType =
              checkStateNotNull(field.getType().getCollectionElementType());
          // recurse on struct types
          if (iterableCollectionType.getTypeName().isCompositeType()) {
            Schema innerSchema = checkStateNotNull(iterableCollectionType.getRowSchema());
            ImmutableList.Builder<Row> builder = ImmutableList.builder();
            for (Record v : (Iterable<@NonNull Record>) icebergValue) {
              builder.add(icebergRecordToBeamRow(innerSchema, v));
            }
            beamIterable = builder.build();
          }
          rowBuilder.addValue(beamIterable);
          break;
        case MAP:
          checkState(
              icebergValue instanceof Map,
              "Expected Map type for field '%s' but received %s",
              field.getName(),
              icebergValue.getClass());
          Map<?, ?> beamMap = (Map<?, ?>) icebergValue;
          Schema.FieldType valueType = checkStateNotNull(field.getType().getMapValueType());
          // recurse on struct types
          if (valueType.getTypeName().isCompositeType()) {
            Schema innerSchema = checkStateNotNull(valueType.getRowSchema());
            ImmutableMap.Builder<Object, Row> newMap = ImmutableMap.builder();
            for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : ((Map<?, ?>) icebergValue).entrySet()) {
              Record rec = ((Record) entry.getValue());
              newMap.put(
                  checkStateNotNull(entry.getKey()),
                  icebergRecordToBeamRow(innerSchema, checkStateNotNull(rec)));
            }
            beamMap = newMap.build();
          }
          rowBuilder.addValue(beamMap);
          break;
        case DATETIME:
          // Iceberg uses a long for micros.
          // Beam DATETIME uses joda's DateTime, which only supports millis,
          // so we do lose some precision here
          rowBuilder.addValue(getBeamDateTimeValue(icebergValue));
          break;
        case BYTES:
          // Iceberg uses ByteBuffer; Beam uses byte[]
          rowBuilder.addValue(((ByteBuffer) icebergValue).array());
          break;
        case ROW:
          Record nestedRecord = (Record) icebergValue;
          Schema nestedSchema =
              checkArgumentNotNull(
                  field.getType().getRowSchema(),
                  "Corrupted schema: Row type did not have associated nested schema.");
          rowBuilder.addValue(icebergRecordToBeamRow(nestedSchema, nestedRecord));
          break;
        case LOGICAL_TYPE:
          rowBuilder.addValue(getLogicalTypeValue(icebergValue, field.getType()));
          break;
        default:
          throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
              "Unsupported Beam type: " + field.getType().getTypeName());
      }
    }
    return rowBuilder.build();
  }

  private static DateTime getBeamDateTimeValue(Object icebergValue) {
    long micros;
    if (icebergValue instanceof OffsetDateTime) {
      micros = DateTimeUtil.microsFromTimestamptz((OffsetDateTime) icebergValue);
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof LocalDateTime) {
      micros = DateTimeUtil.microsFromTimestamp((LocalDateTime) icebergValue);
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof Long) {
      micros = (long) icebergValue;
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof String) {
      return DateTime.parse((String) icebergValue);
    } else {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "Unsupported Iceberg type for Beam type DATETIME: " + icebergValue.getClass());
    }
    return new DateTime(micros / 1000L);
  }

  private static Object getLogicalTypeValue(Object icebergValue, Schema.FieldType type) {
    if (icebergValue instanceof String) {
      String strValue = (String) icebergValue;
      if (type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.DATE.getIdentifier())) {
        return LocalDate.parse(strValue);
      } else if (type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.TIME.getIdentifier())) {
        return LocalTime.parse(strValue);
      } else if (type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.DATETIME.getIdentifier())) {
        return LocalDateTime.parse(strValue);
      }
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof Long) {
      if (type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.TIME.getIdentifier())) {
        return DateTimeUtil.timeFromMicros((Long) icebergValue);
      } else if (type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.DATETIME.getIdentifier())) {
        return DateTimeUtil.timestampFromMicros((Long) icebergValue);
      }
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof Integer
        && type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.DATE.getIdentifier())) {
      return DateTimeUtil.dateFromDays((Integer) icebergValue);
    } else if (icebergValue instanceof OffsetDateTime
        && type.isLogicalType(SqlTypes.DATETIME.getIdentifier())) {
      return ((OffsetDateTime) icebergValue)
          .withOffsetSameInstant(ZoneOffset.UTC)
          .toLocalDateTime();
    }
    // LocalDateTime, LocalDate, LocalTime
    return icebergValue;
  }

  static <T> boolean isUnbounded(PCollection<T> input) {
    return input.isBounded().equals(PCollection.IsBounded.UNBOUNDED);
  }

  static boolean validDirectWriteLimit(@Nullable Integer directWriteByteLimit) {
    return directWriteByteLimit != null && directWriteByteLimit >= 0;
  }
}
